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Whole Earth Seminar Winter 2005
Tuesday afternoons at 4:00pm
Natural Sciences Annex, Room 101
(Unless otherwise noted)

Please join us for tea and snacks in the Dreiss Lobby at 3:30pm.

Seminar Coordinator: Gary Glatzmaier
These seminars may change without advance notice. To confirm and/or to arrange for special accommodations, please call
the Earth Sciences Dept. at (831) 459-4089 or email Jennifer
Click here for maps


January 21, 2005
Monsoons and Mountain Building: Erosion and Uplift of the Nepalese Himalayas
Doug Burbank
UC Santa Barbara

*Co-sponsored by CSIDE*
**Special Day & Time: Friday at 3:30pm**


January 25, 2005
Remotely Triggered Earthquakes
Dr. Susan Hough
IRIS/SSA Distinquished Lecturer
U.S. Geological Survey

*Co-sponsored by CSIDE*

Dr. Susan Hough is currently a seismologist with the U.S. Geological Survey in Pasadena and Editor-in-Chief of Seismological Research Letters. After completing her Ph.D. in 1987, she worked at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University in New York for 4 years before moving back to California. Her research interests include the nature of ground shaking produced by large earthquakes, historic earthquakes (the 18111812 New Madrid earthquakes in particular), earthquakes and earthquake hazard in India, and remotely triggered earthquakes.

Dr. Hough has published two books on earthquake science for a non-specialist audience: Earthshaking Science: What we know (and dont know) about earthquakes, and Finding Fault in California: An earthquake tourists guide. A third book, Elastic Rebound: Past and future earthquakes on an urban planet (Susan Hough and Roger Bilham, a previous IRIS/SSA distinguished lecturer), is scheduled for publication in 2005. She has additionally published several feature articles in Natural History Magazine and American Scientist.


February 1, 2005
Were the Dark Ages Triggered by Volcano-Related Climate Changes in the 6th Century?
Ken Wohletz
Los Alamos

Cold and apparently darker for extended lengths of time, the skies of the mid-6th century were ominous indeed with famine, plague, and cultural upheaval growing to global proportions. Strong evidence from tree-ring data from around the world and ice-core records from Greenland and Antarctica support the hypothesis of global climate destabilization beginning at 535 AD. The search for a causal agent leads to Indonesia and the potential existence of a submarine caldera, some 40 to 60 km in diameter within the Sunda Straits that separates Sumatra from Java. Javanese historical records and preliminary field work indicate that Krakatoa volcano may have experienced such an eruption in the 6th century. Numerical simulations show how such a large caldera eruption darkened the skies around the world to bring about several decades of disrupted climate patterns. The stage is set for controversy, but the reality of how intimately linked humanity is with the earth and its volcanoes is reestablished on an Armageddon-like scale.


February 15, 2005
Long-Range Earthquake Triggering
Emily Brodsky
UCLA


February 16, 2005
Two Stories about Friction
Emily Brodsky
UCLA

*Special Day/Time/Location:
Wednesday at 11:30am in E&MS room A340*


February 22, 2005
Where have all the bubbles gone? Flow and degassing in volcanic conduits.
Alison Rust
University of British Columbia

The efficiency of gas escape from magma during transport affects the style and violence of volcanic activity because bubble expansion drives explosive eruptions. This talk focuses on the degassing of silicic magma near conduit margins where the magma it is in contact with wall rocks. I will begin by considering how bubbles affect the viscosity of magma and cause localization of shear at conduit walls. Then I will demonstrate how to use the shapes and orientations of bubbles preserved in glassy volcanic rocks to determine shear stresses, shear rates and flow types (pure vs. simple shear) of flowing magmas. Finally, I will apply these results to interpreting the origins of obsidian (low bubble content) clasts that erupt along with pumice during explosive eruptions. Based on textural evidence, I suggest that the obsidian forms at conduit margins, where due to the shear-thinning viscosity of bubbly magma, stresses are great enough to generate shear-induced fractures in the magma. The fractured wall zone provides permeable pathways for gas flow and chemically buffers the degassing of ascending magma.

February 23, 2005
Excited by flow: A source mechanism for volcanic tremor?
Alison Rust
University of British Columbia

*Special Day/Time/Location:
Wednesday at 11:30am in E&MS room A340*

The detection of long-period seismic signals, including sustained vibrations called tremor, has become an increasingly important tool in forecasting volcanic eruptions. There is also considerable interest in tremor because of its temporal and spatial association with episodic slow slip events in subduction zones. However, the physical mechanisms for the generation of these oscillations remain poorly understood. In this talk I assess the conditions required for fluid flow through cracks or tubes in an elastic solid to induce tremor. I solve governing equations for deformation in both the fluid and the solid, and match stresses in the two materials at their interface, allowing the conduit thickness to vary with both time and position. The stability analysis indicates that some fluids, conduit geometries and eruption styles are more likely to cause tremor by flow-induced oscillations than others. In particular, planar rather than tube-like fluid conduits, small thickness to length ratios of fluid conduits, and high fluid speeds are factors that tend to generate flow-induced tremor. The results indicate that, except for shallow seismicity during explosive or fountaining activity at volcanoes, maintaining sufficient fluid speeds to induce oscillations requires sustained flow of low viscosity H2O or CO2 fluids rather than magma.

March 1, 2005
Stabilization and reactivation of cratonic lithosphere: A view from the lower crust, East Lake Athabasca region, western Canadian Shield
Rebecca Flowers
Massacusetts Institute of Technology

The East Lake Athabasca region, along the Snowbird tectonic zone in the western Canadian Shield, exposes an enormous tract (> 20,000 km2) of granulite facies rocks (8 to > 20 kbar, > 750 °C) that preserve a complex record of the maturation, stabilization and reactivation of continental lithosphere. The exhumed deep crustal base of this craton provides a direct view of rock types and structures commonly imaged by seismic methods beneath continents, and allows evaluation of the role of processes such as lower crustal flow speculated to occur in the deep levels of modern orogens. The East Lake Athabasca region is composed of several disparate high-grade domains that preserve multiple granulite facies metamorphic events and final exhumation. U-Pb ID-TIMS geochronology documents two episodes of metamorphic zircon growth at ca. 2.55 Ga and 1.9 Ga, likely correlative with two distinct > 10 kbar, > 750 °C granulite facies assemblages preserved in the rocks, and implying deep crustal residence within a stable lithosphere for 650 m.y. The second metamorphic event at ca. 1.9 Ga has been documented along 800 km of strike length and requires a significant event to disrupt this stabilized craton. Spectacular manifestations of this event include the emplacement and migmatization of a swarm of mafic dikes at 1896.7 ± 0.8 Ma (10-12 kbar, 750-850 °C) in one domain, and eclogite facies metamorphism (> 15 kbar, ~900 °C) at 1904.0 ± 0.3 Ma in an adjacent domain. High-resolution post-1.9 Ga cooling records for these domains are reconstructed by exploiting the full temperature range from >1000 °C to <200 °C permitted by U/Pb (zircon, monazite, titanite, apatite, rutile), 40Ar/39Ar (hornblende, muscovite, biotite), and (U-Th)/He (zircon) thermochronology, and document distinct thermal histories during domain juxtaposition and unroofing. These results provide unique insight into the character, behavior and evolution of deep crust during the stabilization and reactivation of continents.

March 2, 2005
Thermal evolution of continental lithosphere: Insights from the middle and deep crust of orogenic belts
Rebecca Flowers
Massacusetts Institute of Technology

*Special Day/Time/Location:
Wednesday at 11:30am in E&MS room A340*

Understanding the evolution of continents from hot, collisional orogens to cold, stabilized lithosphere is a fundamental problem. Modern high-precision thermochronological methods, applied to rocks from ancient through recent tectonic environments, permit the reconstruction of thermal histories in unprecedented detail and provide critical temporal constraints on pressure-temperature (P-T) paths. For example, Fiordland, New Zealand provides a superb opportunity to develop a cooling history through a rare vertical profile of a Mesozoic magmatic arc and preserves a snapshot of deep arc crust burial and exhumation. U-Pb titanite, apatite and rutile data constrain the timing and duration of significant vertical movements during arc construction and evolution, indicating rapid arc thickening ( 6.2 m.y.) and a more protracted period of unroofing (40-45 m.y.). As a contrasting example, the Proterozoic orogenic belt of the southwestern United States contains disparate middle and upper crustal lithotectonic blocks with dramatic differences in cooling histories and exposure level. New analytical and numerical thermal modeling indicates that the contrasting cooling and isostatic histories during lithospheric stabilization can largely be explained by observed disparities in crustal heat production, highlighting the importance of crustal heat production for laterally variable thermal regimes in orogenic belts. These two examples demonstrate the power and promise of integrating thermochronological methods with quantitative thermal analysis, P-T information, heat production and heat flow data to constrain models for the thermal and mechanical evolution of continental lithosphere.

March 8, 2005
Fire, Ice, and Flora: Climatic controls on sediment production and the evolution of mountainous landscapes
Joshua Roering
University of Oregon


March 9, 2005
"Reading" Landscapes: Using airborne laser swath mapping and other methods to decipher surface dynamics
Joshua Roering
University of Oregon

*Special Day/Time/Location:
Wednesday at 11:30am in E&MS room A340*


March 10, 2005
Zircon (U-Th)/He chronometry and He-Pb double dating
Jeremy Hourigan
Yale University

**Special Day: Thursday, March 10th**


March 11, 2005
Roasted flysch: a Kamchatkan recipe for continental crust
Jeremy Hourigan
Yale University

*Special Day/Time/Location:
Friday at 11:30am in E&MS room A340*


March 17, 2005
Lateral expansion of high topography in Tibet: Implications for crustal dynamics
Marin Clark
CalTech

**Special Day/Location:
Thursday, March 17th in E&MS room A340**


March 18, 2005
Utility of slowly eroding landscapes in tectonic studies
Marin Clark
CalTech

**Special Day/Time/Location:
Friday at 11:30 a.m. in E&MS room A340**